Guide to a woman’s heart
By LIM WEY WEN
Clinical Practice Guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in women.
TO medical professionals, drawing up a typical patient profile for various diseases has its virtues – it allows them to make quick clinical decisions on a daily basis. But this kind of stereotyping has its flaws. Patients with atypical symptoms may be overlooked or misdiagnosed. Preventative measures preached to high-risk groups may fall on deaf ears for others who do not fit the profile.
Such is the case with cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Initially thought of as a disease that affects mostly men, the manifestation of the disease in women has been overlooked until recently, as statistics have begun to show that women are equally at risk.
Health Ministry director-general Tan Sri Dr Ismail Merican stressed the need to address this disparity in his message for the 2008 Clinical Practise Guidelines (CPG) on the prevention of CVD in women. “With increasing and longer life expectancy of 76.4 years in the Malaysian woman, CVD will become the most common cause of morbidity and mortality for women in Malaysia ...” he wrote.
Unfortunately, many women and healthcare professionals have not been able to shake the perception of CVD as a men’s disease. To address this issue, the new CPG aims to increase the awareness of healthcare providers about CVD in women by addressing five clinical questions.
1. Are there gender specific differences in the epidemiology of CVD?
CHD
·In general, women develop coronary heart disease (CHD) about 10 years later than men.
·Due to certain cultural norms, such as a passive nature and a tendency towards denial, women with CHD symptoms are less likely to be referred for appropriate investigations. The presence of other diseases or conditions such as arthritis and obesity may also cause physicians to overlook the possibility of CHD.
Stroke
·Stroke is now the second leading cause of death in women worldwide after CHD.
·Data from the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) showed that women in the age group 45-54 were twice as likely as men in the same age group to suffer strokes.
2. Do women with CVD present in the same manner as men?
CHD
·When CVD is present in women, early symptoms are often atypical ones such as shortness of breath, sleep disturbances and fatigue. However, during a heart attack, women are as likely as men to present with typical chest pains associated with sweating.
·Conventional stress tests have a lower diagnostic accuracy in women. However, a normal stress ECG at an adequate workload is a good indication that there is no significant blocks in the coronary arteries.
Stroke
·Women are more likely to report vague sensations not classical of stroke, such as changes in consciousness or disorientation. They could also experience non-neurological symptoms such as shortness of breath and chest pain.
3. Are there gender differences in the management of CVD?
·Although data on the management of CHD in women are limited, those available suggest most of the benefits seen in men can be extrapolated to women.
·Women with CHD should be treated in the same manner and as aggressively as men.
4. Are the risk factors for cardiovascular disease different in women?
Generally speaking, obesity, diabetes, sedentary lifestyles and smoking are CVD risk factors for both men and women, but their impact may differ.
CHD
·Elderly hypertensive women and young female smokers are especially at risk of CHD.
·Women who smoke or consume alcohol are more at risk of CVD than their male counterparts. This risk is greatly increased if a woman smoker is also on combination oral contraceptives.
Stroke
·Women and men share many common risk factors for stroke, which includes a family history of premature stroke and a previous history of stroke.
·Women also face additional gender-specific risk factors such as certain low-dose oral contraceptive use, combined hormone therapy for postmenopausal women, complications in pregnancy (pre-eclampsia) and migraine.
5. How do you prevent cardiovascular disease in women?
Even without overt symptoms, women should have their cardiovascular risk assessed. Assessment of CVD risk involves:
1. History: Look for symptoms of CHD, family history of premature CHD (CHD at an early age), smoking status, and physical activity.
2. Physical examination: BMI, waist circumference, pulse and blood pressure.
3. Laboratory investigations: Blood sugar levels, and lipid profile.
The prevention of CVD involves:
1. Those with high risk: Intensive risk factor reduction with lifestyle changes and medication to achieve target levels.
2. Those at risk: Non-pharmacological intervention with diet and physical activity. If the targets are not achieved, the use of medication may be considered.
3. Those with optimal risk: Continue with healthy lifestyle measures.
This article is a summary of the 2008 Clinical Practise Guidelines on the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women. The full version of the guidelines can be downloaded from the Ministry of Health website, www.moh.gov.my.